Tourism’s Contribution to Local Community Livelihoods: A Mixed-Methods Study of Tsumeb Constituency, Namibia
This study investigates the contribution of tourism to the livelihoods of community members in Tsumeb constituency, Oshikoto region, Namibia, using a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design. Quantitative data were collected from 300 respondents via questionnaire surveys using cluster sampling, while qualitative data were gathered through 30 in-depth face-to-face interviews using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis in SPSS and thematic analysis in NVivo. Findings demonstrate that tourism is essential for local livelihoods, directly creating job opportunities, increasing marketing opportunities, and enhancing educational prospects. The study reveals that 72% of respondents are employed in the tourism industry, with regression analysis showing a statistically significant positive relationship between tourism and livelihoods (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). Indirect benefits emerge through employment multipliers, where tourism employees support non-employed community members. While most individuals report improved livelihoods, benefits are unevenly distributed, with business owners gaining disproportionately more than service staff. The study recommends that the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism actively involve local small and medium enterprises through public-private partnerships and enhance marketing through international business expos and local media to increase inclusive participation.