Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized mainly by dysfunction of the exocrine glands, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands. The resulting reduction in salivary and tear secretion produces the characteristic symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes. However, the disease has a broader clinical spectrum and may involve several organs outside the exocrine glands.
Oral manifestations are particularly important because salivary gland dysfunction can produce persistent xerostomia and hyposalivation, followed by changes in the oral mucosa, increased dental caries, periodontal problems, oral candidiasis, and recurrent salivary gland inflammation. These complications may have a significant effect on oral health and quality of life. Systemic manifestations may also occur, including neurological and pulmonary involvement, while a proportion of patients are at increased risk of lymphoproliferative complications.
Sjögren’s syndrome occurs predominantly in women and is commonly recognized during middle age. Despite its relatively frequent occurrence among autoimmune diseases, diagnosis may be delayed because the early symptoms can be nonspecific and may remain unrecognized for years. Early identification is therefore important, particularly when persistent oral or ocular dryness is present.
This narrative review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, oral complications, systemic involvement, diagnosis, and management of Sjögren’s syndrome, with particular emphasis on the oral manifestations and their relevance to early recognition of the disease